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barred warbler
The barred warbler (''Sylvia nisoria'') is a typical warbler which breeds across temperate regions of central and eastern Europe and western and central Asia. This passerine bird is strongly migratory, and winters in tropical eastern Africa.〔Del Hoyo, J., Elliot, A., & Christie, D. (editors). (2006). ''Handbook of the Birds of the World''. Volume 11: Old World Flycatchers to Old World Warblers. Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-96553-06-X.〕
It is the largest ''Sylvia'' warbler, 15.5–17 cm in length and weighing 22–36 g, mainly grey above and whitish below. Adult males are dark grey above with white tips on the wing coverts and tail feathers, and heavily barred below. The female is similar but slightly paler and has only light barring. Young birds buffy grey-brown above, pale buff below, and have very little barring, with few obvious distinctive features; they can easily be confused with garden warblers, differing in the slight barring on the tail coverts and the pale fringes on the wing feathers, and their slightly larger size. The eye has a yellow iris in adults, dark in immatures; the bill is blackish with a paler base, and the legs stout, grey-brown.〔Svensson, L., Mullarney, K. & Zetterström, D. (2009). ''Collins Bird Guide'', second edition. HarperCollins, London ISBN 978-0-00-726726-2.〕
==Taxonomy==
Within the genus ''Sylvia'' it is highly distinctive; the barred underside is shared only with the Cyprus warbler, which has black barring and an entirely different overall colour pattern. The barred warbler seems to represent an ancient lineage of ''Sylvia'' warblers on its own and does not appear to have any particularly close relatives in the genus.〔Helbig, A. J. (2001). Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus ''Sylvia''. Pp. 24-29 in: Shirihai, H., Gargallo, G., Helbig, A. J., & Harris, A. ''Sylvia Warblers''. Helm Identification Guides ISBN 0-7136-3984-9〕〔Jønsson, K. A. & Fjeldså, J. (2006). A phylogenetic supertree of oscine passerine birds (Aves: Passeri). ''Zool. Scripta'' 35 (2): 149–186. 〕
Two subspecies are recognised. The nominate ''Sylvia nisoria nisoria'' occurs over most of the species' range, while ''Sylvia nisoria merzbacheri'' occurs at eastern end of the range in central Asia. The latter is marginally paler and less heavily barred than the nominate subspecies, but they are barely distinct and intergrade where the ranges meet.〔 Some authors consider them synonymous.〔Williamson, K. (1976). ''Identification for Ringers: The Genus Sylvia''. British Trust for Ornithology.〕
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